El papel de la microbiota intestinal en el trastorno del espectro autista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65415/3tfbzb32Palabras clave:
Trastorno del Espectro Autista; Microbiota Gastrointestinal; Eje Intestino-Cerebro; Disbiosis; Probióticos.Resumen
El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es una alteración del neurodesarrollo de etiología multifactorial, cuya presentación clínica está influenciada por la interacción de factores genéticos, ambientales, inmunológicos y metabólicos. En los últimos años, se ha estudiado la relación entre la microbiota intestinal y su participación en el eje intestino-cerebro con posible influencia sobre procesos relacionados con la neuroinflamación, la respuesta inmunitaria y la producción de metabolitos neuroactivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la evidencia científica reciente sobre la influencia de la microbiota intestinal en el TEA y sus posibles implicaciones terapéuticas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices PRISMA, mediante la búsqueda de estudios publicados entre 2022 y 2026. Los análisis realizados mostraron que los pacientes con TEA tienen alteraciones en la composición y funcionalidad del microbioma intestinal, se distinguen sobre todo por cambios en las bacterias generadoras de ácidos grasos de cadena corta, modificaciones en las vías metabólicas relacionadas con la neurotransmisión y en la regulación inmunológica. Asimismo, la alimentación, la edad, el tipo de parto, el amamantamiento y la exposición al medioambiente pueden tener un impacto en cómo se forma la microbiota intestinal durante las primeras etapas. Los probióticos, prebióticos y el trasplante de microbiota fecal son ejemplos de métodos terapéuticos que buscan modificar el microbioma y que han mostrado un impacto positivo sobre síntomas conductuales y gastrointestinales; no obstante, la falta de uniformidad en los métodos dificulta la creación de sugerencias clínicas normalizadas. Para concluir, la microbiota intestinal es un elemento importante en la fisiopatología del TEA y constituye una posible meta terapéutica. Sin embargo, se necesitan investigaciones clínicas con protocolos estandarizados para poder determinar intervenciones individualizadas basadas en evidencia.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Grace Solange Yandún Cano, Yanalía del Cisne Moreira Luzuriaga, Juan Diego Román Rico
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
